Manki-Munda System: Ho Tribe’s Traditional Self-Governance
Why in the news
Ho community members in Kolhan protested after some Mundas were removed, alleging government interference in their customary self-rule.
Key facts
- Munda: village head who settles local socio-political disputes.
- Manki: head of a pidh (group of villages) who hears appeals when a Munda cannot resolve a case.
- Codification: after the Ho and Kol revolts, Wilkinson’s Rules (1833) were applied in the Kolhan Government Estate (1837).
Background
- Pre-British: community-run, with no outside interference or land tax.
- British era: Mankis and Mundas acted as intermediaries while Kolhan joined British India.
Features
- Hereditary posts, father to son.
- Collective consultation, like a Gram Sabha.
- Protects tribal identity, customs and land rights.
- Courts still uphold Wilkinson’s Rules.
Exam angle
- Tribe: Ho; region: Kolhan; legal basis: Wilkinson’s Rules.