G20 Johannesburg Summit 2025: Outcomes and Rifts
Why in the news
South Africa hosted the Johannesburg G20 with the US, China and Russia absent, and pushed through a declaration despite US objections.
Key facts
- Theme: Africa-centric development and Global South priorities.
- Cost of Capital Commission for the Global South’s USD 1.8 trillion debt burden.
- Mission 300: electricity for 300 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030.
- Nelson Mandela Bay Target: cut the NEET youth share by 5% by 2030.
| Theme | Outcome or stand |
|---|---|
| UNSC reform | Seats for Africa, Latin America, Asia-Pacific |
| Climate finance | From billions to trillions; just transitions |
| Critical minerals | Diversified value chains, local beneficiation |
| US | Opposed climate and debt wording; refused the declaration |
| Argentina | Withdrew over Middle East references |
About the G20
- Founded 1999 as a finance ministers and central bank governors forum.
- Became a Leaders’ Summit after the 2008 crisis.
- Presidency rotates yearly, giving the host agenda-setting power.
Exam angle
- 2025 host: South Africa.